Question
प्रत्यक्षवादी दृष्टिकोण में कॉम्टे और दुर्खाइम के योगदान की चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1242
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प्रत्यक्षवादी दृष्टिकोण (Positivism) समाजशास्त्र के विकास में एक महत्वपूर्ण बौद्धिक धारा है। यह विचारधारा मानती है कि समाज और उसकी प्रक्रियाओं का अध्ययन उसी प्रकार होना चाहिए जैसे प्राकृतिक विज्ञानों में किया जाता है। प्रत्यक्षवाद वस्तुनिष्ठता, अनुभवजन्य प्रमाण और वैज्ञानिक पद्धति पर आधारित है। इस दृष्टिकोण की जड़ें ऑगस्ट कॉम्टे (Auguste Comte) और एमिल दुर्खाइम (Emile Durkheim) जैसे महान समाजशास्त्रियों के कार्यों में दिखाई देती हैं। दोनों ने अपने-अपने स्तर पर प्रत्यक्षवादी समाजशास्त्र की नींव रखी और इसके विकास को नई दिशा दी। निम्नलिखित विवेचन में हम कॉम्टे और दुर्खाइम के योगदान को विस्तार से समझने का प्रयास करेंगे। --- ### 1. प्रत्यक्षवाद की पृष्ठभूमि प्रत्यक्षवाद का उद्भव उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के यूरोप में हुआ, जब औद्योगिक क्रांति और फ्रांसीसी क्रांति जैसी घटनाओं ने समाज को गहराई से प्रभावित किया। पारंपरिक धार्मिक व दार्शनिक व्याख्याओं से हटकर समाज को एक वैज्ञानिक पद्धति से समझने की आवश्यकता अनुभव की जाने लगी। इस संदर्भ में कॉम्टे और दुर्खाइम ने समाजशास्त्र को एक स्वतंत्र और वैज्ञानिक अनुशासन के रूप में स्थापित करने का प्रयास किया। --- ### 2. ऑगस्ट कॉम्टे का योगदान ऑगस्ट कॉम्टे (1798–1857) को प्रायः "समाजशास्त्र का जनक" कहा जाता है। उन्होंने समाज के अध्ययन हेतु प्रत्यक्षवादी दृष्टिकोण प्रस्तुत किया। #### (क) समाजशास्त्र की स्थापना कॉम्टे ने सबसे पहले "सोशियोलॉजी" शब्द का प्रयोग किया। उनका मानना था कि समाज का अध्ययन अनुभव और पर्यवेक्षण (observation) के आधार पर किया जाना चाहिए। समाज को समझने के लिए धार्मिक और दार्शनिक व्याख्याओं से हटकर वैज्ञानिक दृष्टि अपनाना आवश्यक है। #### (ख) तीन अवस्थाओं का नियम (Law of Three Stages) कॉम्टे का सबसे प्रसिद्ध सिद्धांत "तीन अवस्थाओं का नियम" है। उन्होंने कहा कि मानव विचारधारा का विकास तीन
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