Question
डीएनए बहुरूपता क्या है? प्रतिबंधित खंड लंबाई बहुरूपता (Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphisms—RFLP) तथा अनुक्रमिक पुनरावृत्तियों की परिवर्ती संख्या (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats—VNTRs) की चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
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डीएनए बहुरूपता से आशय किसी प्रजाति की विभिन्न व्यक्तियों के डीएनए अनुक्रम में पाए जाने वाले ऐसे वंशागत अंतर से है, जो जनसंख्या में अपेक्षाकृत सामान्य रूप से पाए जाते हैं। अंग्रेजी में इसे DNA Polymorphism कहा जाता है। किसी जीन या डीएनए क्षेत्र के न्यूक्लियोटाइड अनुक्रम में एक या अधिक स्थानों पर परिवर्तन, न्यूक्लियोटाइड के जुड़ने या हटने, अथवा छोटे-छोटे डीएनए अनुक्रमों की पुनरावृत्ति की संख्या में अंतर के कारण बहुरूपता उत्पन्न हो सकती है। यह अंतर सामान्यतः व्यक्ति की पहचान करने, आनुवंशिक संबंधों का अध्ययन करने, जनसंख्या की आनुवंशिक संरचना समझने तथा जैविक विविधता के विश्लेषण में उपयोगी होता है। मानवविज्ञान में डीएनए बहुरूपता का विशेष महत्त्व है क्योंकि इसके माध्यम से मानव समूहों की उत्पत्ति, प्रवास, आनुवंशिक संबंध, जनसंख्या इतिहास और जैविक विविधता का अध्ययन किया जा सकता है। डीएनए बहुरूपता का एक प्रमुख प्रकार प्रतिबंधित खंड लंबाई बहुरूपता या RFLP है। RFLP का पूरा नाम Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism है। यह तकनीक इस सिद्धांत पर आधारित है कि कुछ विशिष्ट प्रतिबंधक एंजाइम (restriction enzymes) डीएनए के विशेष न्यूक्लियोटाइड अनुक्रमों को पहचानकर उन स्थानों पर डीएनए को काटते हैं। यदि दो व्यक्तियों के डीएनए में उस पहचान स्थल पर न्यूक्लियोटाइड का अंतर हो, तो प्रतिबंधक एंजाइम एक व्यक्ति के डीएनए को उस स्थान पर काट सकता है, जबकि दूसरे के डीएनए को नहीं काट पाएगा। इसके परिणामस्वरूप बनने वाले डीएनए खंडों की लंबाई और संख्या अलग-अलग हो सकती है। इन्हीं अंतरित खंड लंबाइयों को RFLP कहा जाता है। RFLP
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