Question
खनिज निष्कर्षण के तेजी से विस्तार में जीवाश्म ईंधन की भूमिका की जाँच कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1304
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Skip in 10
खनिज निष्कर्षण के तीव्र विस्तार में जीवाश्म ईंधनों की भूमिका आधुनिक आर्थिक इतिहास, औद्योगिक विकास तथा सामाजिक संरचनाओं के परिवर्तन के संदर्भ में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण रही है। यद्यपि मानव समाज प्राचीन काल से ही धातुओं एवं अन्य खनिजों का उपयोग करता रहा था, किन्तु प्रारंभिक युग में खनन कार्य सीमित स्तर पर, श्रम-प्रधान तकनीकों के माध्यम से तथा स्थानीय आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए किया जाता था। औद्योगिक क्रांति के पश्चात जीवाश्म ईंधनों, विशेषकर कोयला, पेट्रोलियम तथा प्राकृतिक गैस के व्यापक उपयोग ने खनिज निष्कर्षण की गति, पैमाने तथा स्वरूप में क्रांतिकारी परिवर्तन उत्पन्न किया। भारतीय इतिहास में भी औपनिवेशिक काल से लेकर स्वतंत्रता-उत्तर विकास योजनाओं तक जीवाश्म ईंधनों ने खनन उद्योग को नई दिशा प्रदान की, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा पर्यावरणीय स्तर पर व्यापक परिवर्तन दिखाई दिए। जीवाश्म ईंधन ऐसे प्राकृतिक संसाधन हैं जिनका निर्माण करोड़ों वर्षों में जैविक अवशेषों के अपघटन से हुआ है। इनमें मुख्यतः कोयला, पेट्रोलियम तथा प्राकृतिक गैस सम्मिलित हैं। इन ईंधनों की सबसे बड़ी विशेषता उनकी उच्च ऊर्जा क्षमता है, जिसके कारण वे भारी मशीनों, परिवहन साधनों, विद्युत उत्पादन तथा औद्योगिक प्रक्रियाओं के प्रमुख ऊर्जा स्रोत बने। खनिज निष्कर्षण स्वयं अत्यधिक ऊर्जा-आधारित गतिविधि है, इसलिए जीवाश्म ईंधनों के बिना बड़े पैमाने पर आधुनिक खनन की कल्पना कठिन है। औद्योगिक क्रांति से पूर्व अधिकांश खनन कार्य हाथों से संचालित उपकरणों, पशु शक्ति अथवा सीमित जल-शक्ति के माध्यम से किया जाता था। गहरी खानों से खनिज निकालना कठिन था क्योंकि जल निकासी, वायु संचार तथा परिवहन की पर्याप्त व्यवस्था उपलब्ध नहीं थी। कोयले से संचालित भाप इंजन के आविष्कार ने इस स्थिति को बदल दिया। भाप इंजनों द्वारा खानों से पानी बाहर निकालना, भारी चट्टानों को हटाना तथा गहरे
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