Question
केंद्रीय व पश्चिमी हिमालयों की राजव्यवस्थाओं पर एक लेख लिखिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1500
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हिमालय केवल भारत की प्राकृतिक सीमा नहीं था, बल्कि प्राचीन और मध्यकालीन भारत के राजनीतिक, सामाजिक तथा आर्थिक इतिहास का भी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण क्षेत्र रहा है। केंद्रीय और पश्चिमी हिमालय में अनेक छोटे-बड़े राज्य, जनजातीय संगठन तथा राजवंश विकसित हुए। इन क्षेत्रों की भौगोलिक परिस्थितियों—ऊँचे पर्वत, गहरी घाटियाँ, सीमित कृषि भूमि, दुर्गम मार्ग और दूर-दूर बसी हुई आबादी—ने यहाँ की राजव्यवस्थाओं को मैदानी भारत की केंद्रीकृत राजसत्ताओं से अलग स्वरूप प्रदान किया। यहाँ राजनीतिक सत्ता प्रायः स्थानीय राजाओं, सामंतों, कुलीन परिवारों, ग्राम समुदायों और जनजातीय संस्थाओं के बीच विभाजित रहती थी। फिर भी समय के साथ इन क्षेत्रों में संगठित राज्य निर्माण की प्रक्रिया विकसित हुई और विभिन्न राजवंशों ने अपने-अपने प्रभाव क्षेत्र स्थापित किए। पश्चिमी हिमालय में मुख्यतः जम्मू-कश्मीर, हिमाचल प्रदेश और उससे लगे पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों की राजव्यवस्थाएँ आती हैं। इन क्षेत्रों में प्राचीन काल से ही अनेक स्थानीय राजनीतिक इकाइयाँ विद्यमान थीं। कश्मीर घाटी अपेक्षाकृत उपजाऊ और भौगोलिक दृष्टि से एक संगठित क्षेत्र थी, इसलिए यहाँ पश्चिमी हिमालय के अन्य भागों की तुलना में अधिक सुदृढ़ राजसत्ता का विकास हुआ। कल्हण की ‘राजतरंगिणी’ कश्मीर के राजनीतिक इतिहास का प्रमुख स्रोत है। इसमें विभिन्न राजवंशों, राजाओं, युद्धों और प्रशासनिक संस्थाओं का वर्णन मिलता है। कश्मीर में प्रारंभिक काल से ही राजतंत्र प्रमुख राजनीतिक व्यवस्था थी और राजा को राज्य का सर्वोच्च अधिकारी माना जाता था। कश्मीर की राजव्यवस्था में राजा के साथ मंत्रियों, अधिकारियों और सामंतों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका थी। भूमि राजस्व राज्य की आय का प्रमुख साधन था। प्रशासनिक अधिकारियों के माध्यम से करों की वसूली तथा कानून-व्यवस्था का संचालन किया जाता था। कश्मीर के पहाड़ी क्षेत्रों में स्थानीय प्रमुखों और सामंतों का प्रभाव काफी मजबूत था। कई बार केंद्रीय सत्ता को इन स्थानीय शक्तियों के साथ समझौता करना पड़ता था। इस कारण कश्मीर की राजव्यवस्था को पूर्णतः केंद्रीकृत व्यवस्था के रूप में देखना उचित नहीं है। राजा की शक्ति महत्वपूर्ण थी, लेकिन वह स्थानीय शक्तियों, कुलीन वर्ग और प्रशासनिक अधिकारियों पर भी निर्भर रहता था। जम्मू क्षेत्र में भी अनेक स्थानीय राजवंशों का विकास हुआ। डोगरा शासकों के उदय से पहले यहाँ विभिन्न छोटे-छोटे राजकीय केंद्र थे। पर्वतीय भूगोल के कारण राजनीतिक
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