Question
उमय्यद खिलाफत
Answer :
Word Count : 1266
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इस्लामी इतिहास में उमय्यद खिलाफत का विशेष स्थान है। यह इस्लाम का पहला वंशानुगत राजवंश था जिसने अरब प्रायद्वीप से निकलकर एक विशाल साम्राज्य की स्थापना की। इसका शासनकाल लगभग 661 ईस्वी से 750 ईस्वी तक माना जाता है। इस वंश की स्थापना मुआविया प्रथम ने की, जो सीरिया के शक्तिशाली गवर्नर थे। चौथे खलीफा अली की मृत्यु के बाद उत्पन्न राजनीतिक संघर्षों के परिणामस्वरूप मुआविया ने स्वयं को खलीफा घोषित किया और दमिश्क को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। इस प्रकार इस्लामी शासन का केंद्र मदीना से हटकर सीरिया के दमिश्क में स्थापित हुआ। उमय्यद खिलाफत का उदय इस्लामी इतिहास के उस दौर में हुआ जब पैगंबर मुहम्मद की मृत्यु के बाद स्थापित राशिदून खिलाफत अनेक आंतरिक संघर्षों का सामना कर रही थी। अली और मुआविया के बीच हुए संघर्ष तथा प्रथम फितना ने इस्लामी समाज को विभाजित कर दिया। इस संघर्ष का अंत मुआविया की विजय के साथ हुआ और उन्होंने शासन की स्थिरता बनाए रखने के लिए उत्तराधिकार को वंशानुगत बना दिया। यह परिवर्तन इस्लामी राजनीतिक व्यवस्था में एक महत्वपूर्ण मोड़ था, क्योंकि अब खलीफा का पद चुनाव के स्थान पर परिवार के भीतर हस्तांतरित होने लगा। उमय्यद शासकों ने एक अत्यंत विशाल साम्राज्य का निर्माण किया। पश्चिम में उनका साम्राज्य स्पेन (अल-अंदलुस) और उत्तरी अफ्रीका तक फैला था, जबकि पूर्व में सिंध, मध्य एशिया तथा ट्रांसऑक्सियाना तक उनका अधिकार स्थापित हो गया था। इस प्रकार यह अपने समय का विश्व का सबसे बड़ा साम्राज्य बन गया। विशाल क्षेत्र पर नियंत्रण बनाए रखने के लिए उन्होंने प्रभावी प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था विकसित की। उमय्यद शासन की प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था अत्यंत संगठित थी। साम्राज्य को विभिन्न प्रांतों में विभाजित किया गया, जहाँ योग्य गवर्नरों की नियुक्ति की जाती थी। प्रत्येक प्रांत में कर संग्रह, कानून-व्यवस्था तथा सैन्य संगठन की जिम्मेदारी गवर्नर पर होती थी।
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