Question
उपयुक्त उदाहरणों के साथ नवशहरीकरण और न्यायसंगत शहर की अवधारणाओं का वर्णन करें।
Answer :
Word Count : 862
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नवशहरीकरण (New Urbanism) 20वीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्ध में विकसित एक ऐसी शहरी नियोजन अवधारणा है, जो पारंपरिक, मानव-केंद्रित और सामुदायिक जीवन को पुनर्स्थापित करने का प्रयास करती है। इसका मूल उद्देश्य ऐसे शहरों और कस्बों का निर्माण करना है, जहाँ पैदल चलने, सार्वजनिक स्थानों के उपयोग, मिश्रित भूमि उपयोग और सामाजिक संपर्क को बढ़ावा दिया जा सके। यह अवधारणा आधुनिक शहरीकरण की समस्याओं—जैसे शहरी फैलाव (urban sprawl), निजी वाहनों पर अत्यधिक निर्भरता, पर्यावरणीय क्षरण और सामाजिक अलगाव—का समाधान प्रस्तुत करती है। नवशहरीकरण का केंद्र बिंदु यह है कि शहरों को इस प्रकार डिज़ाइन किया जाए कि वे न केवल कार्यात्मक हों, बल्कि मानवीय संबंधों और सामाजिक जीवन को भी सुदृढ़ करें। नवशहरीकरण के प्रमुख सिद्धांतों में सघनता (density), मिश्रित भूमि उपयोग (mixed land use), पैदल-उन्मुख विकास (walkability), सार्वजनिक परिवहन की उपलब्धता, और सार्वजनिक स्थानों का विकास शामिल हैं। इस अवधारणा के अंतर्गत आवासीय, वाणिज्यिक और संस्थागत क्षेत्रों को एक साथ इस प्रकार जोड़ा जाता है कि लोगों को दैनिक आवश्यकताओं के लिए लंबी दूरी तय न करनी पड़े। इससे न केवल समय और ऊर्जा की बचत होती है, बल्कि प्रदूषण में भी कमी आती है। उदाहरण के रूप में अमेरिका का सीसाइड (Seaside, Florida) नवशहरीकरण का एक आदर्श नमूना है। यहाँ सड़कों का जाल इस प्रकार बनाया
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