IGNOU BA BECC 108 Intermediate Microeconomics II Solved Assignment English

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Title Name IGNOU BA BECC 108 Intermediate Microeconomics II Solved Assignment English
Type Soft Copy (E-Assignment) .pdf
University IGNOU
Degree BACHELOR DEGREE PROGRAMMES
Course Code BA
Course Name Bachelor of Arts (Honours)
Subject Code BECC 108
Subject Name Intermediate Microeconomics II
Year 2025 2026
Session -
Language English
Assignment Code BECC 108/Assignment-1/2025 2026
Product Description Assignment of BA (Bachelor of Arts (Honours)) 2025 2026. Latest BECC 108 2025-26 Solved Assignment Solutions
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BECC 108 2025 2026 - English

INTERMEDIATE MICROECONOMICS - II

Tutor Marked Assignments

Course Code: BECC-108

Assignment Code: Asst /TMA/2025-26

Total Marks: 100

Assignment One

Answer the following Descriptive Category questions in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks

1. (a) Consider a market for cars that initially has only one firm operating as a monopolist. The firm has a linear cost function given by C(q) = 2q, and the market demand is represented by the inverse demand function P(Q)-9-Q, where Q denotes the total quantity sold in the market.

Based on the above information, answer the following:

(i) Determine the price that the monopolist will charge and the quantity of cars it will sell. Based on this output and cost structure, calculate the profit earned by the monopolist.

(ii) Now suppose a second firm, with an identical cost function, enters the market, forming a Cournot duopoly. Determine the Cournot equilibrium output for each firm.

(iii) Analyze the Stackelberg duopoly scenario, where the first firm acts as the leader and the second as the follower. Find the Stackelberg equilibrium output for each firm.

(iv) Calculate and compare the profits earned by each firm under both the Cournot and Stackelberg models.

(v) Evaluate which of the three market structures-monopoly, Cournot duopoly, or Stackelberg duopoly-would be preferred by consumers, and explain your reasoning.

(b) "Monopolistic competition leads to excess capacity." Discuss with the help of a diagram.

2. (a) Explain the concept of sub-game perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE). How is it different from a regular Nash equilibrium?

(b) Two neighbors in an Indian residential colony are planning to build a shared community water tank, which will cost ₹20,000. Both neighbors value the construction of the tank at *30,000 each, due to its benefits in water storage and convenience.

They must decide through the following process: Each neighbor submits a written note to the local RWA (Resident Welfare Association) indicating their decision either for or against the construction. If both agree, the tank will be built and the cost will be split equally (*10,000 each). If only one agrees, the tank will still be built, but that neighbor will bear the full ₹20,000 cost. If neither agrees, the tank will not be built.

Represent this situation as a game in normal form and find all Nash equilibria, including both pure and mixed strategies.

Assignment Two

Answer the following Middle Category questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10 marks.

3.(a) Explain with examples how signalling works in the labour market. What kind of signals do workers send?

(b) A used car market has 50% "lemons" (bad cars) and 50% good cars. Buyers can't distinguish between them. Sellers of lemons are willing to sell for $2,000, and good cars for $5,000. Buyers are willing to pay $3,000 for lemons and $6,000 for good cars, but can't tell the difference.

(a) What price will emerge in the market if buyers offer a single price?

(b) What kind of cars will dominate the market? Why?

4.(a) What is the Rawlsian (minimax) social welfare function? How does it differ in philosophy and outcome from utilitarian welfare functions?

(b) What is a Transformation Curve? How does it represent trade-offs in the allocation of resources between the production of two goods?

5.(a) State the Coase Theorem. How can private bargaining be a solution to externalities? Under

what conditions will it work effectively?

(b) A firm produces 100 units of output. The marginal private cost (MPC) is constant at ₹20. The production generates a marginal external cost (MEC) of 10 per unit. The marginal benefit (MB) to consumers is ₹30 per unit.

i) What is the socially optimal level of output?

ii) Calculate the Pigovian tax that would internalize the externality.

Assignment Three

Answer the following Short Category questions in about 100 words each. Each question carries 6 marks.

6. Why do firms in monopolistic competition earn only normal profits in the long run?

7. Explain the concept of the Utility Possibility Curve (UPC).

8. What is non-price competition?

9. Discuss any one real-world application of game theory in economics or business.

10. What is a missing market?


BECC 108 (July 2025 - January 2026) - HINDI

BECC-108 इंटरमीडिएट सूक्ष्मअर्थशास्त्र-II

शिक्षक मूल्यांकित सत्रीय कार्य

पाठ्यक्रम कोडः बी.ई.सी.सी.-108

सत्रीय कार्य कोड : एएसएसटी/टी.एम.ए./2025-26

कुल अंक : 100

                        सत्रीय कार्य 1

निम्नलिखित वर्णनात्मक वर्ग के प्रश्नों का उत्तर 500 शब्दों में दें। प्रत्येक प्रश्न 20 अंक का है।

 

1. क) एक ऐसे कारों वाले बाज़ार पर विचार करें जहाँ एकाधिकारी फर्म के रूप में प्रारंभ में एक ही फर्म है। फर्म का रेखीय लागत फलन सी (क) = 2क है तथा उसका बाज़ार माँग व्युत्क्रम (इन्वर्स) प्रकार का है-

P(Q) = 9-Q, जहाँ Q बाज़ार में कुल विक्रित मात्रा को बताता है।

उपरोक्त सूचना के आधार पर निम्न प्रश्नों का उत्तर देंः

i. एकाधिकारी फर्म द्वारा ग्राहकों से वसूल की गई कीमत एवं बिक्रित कारों की संख्या

ii. अब मान लिया कि समान लागत वाली दूसरी फर्म बाज़ार में प्रवेश करती है जिससे कूर्नो मॉडल के तहत द्वयाधिकार का निर्माण होता है। प्रत्येक फर्म के लिए कूर्नो संतुलन उत्पादन की मात्रा का निर्धारण करें।

iii. स्टैकबर्ज द्रयाधिकार परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण करें जहाँ कि प्रथम फर्म नेता के रूप में कार्य

iv.कूनो तथा स्टैकबजे मॉडलस के तहत प्रत्येक फर्म द्वारा अजित लाभ का आकलन कर उसकी तुलना करें।

 

v.इस बात का मूल्यांकन करें कि उपभोक्ता एकाधिकार, कूर्नो द्वयाधिकार, अथवा स्टैकलबर्ज द्वयाधिकार में कौन सी बाज़ार संरचना को पसंद करेगा और क्यों?

ख) 'एकाधिकारात्मक प्रतियोगिता अतिरेक क्षमता को जन्म देती है'- रेखा चित्र की सहायता से व्याख्या करें।

2. क) उप क्रीड़ा पूर्ण नैश संतुलन की अवधारणा की व्याख्या करें। यह नियमित संतुलन से किस प्रकार भिन्न है?

ख) 20,000 रूपये की लागत से एक आवासीय बस्ती में दो पड़ोसी एक साझा निर्माण सामुदायिक पानी के टैंक के निर्माण की योजना बना रहे हैं। दोनों पड़ोसी पानी के संचयन तथा जलीय सुविधा के कारण इसकी उपादेयता मूल्य को 30,000 रूपये आंकते हैं।

निम्नलिखित प्रक्रिया का अनुसरण कर वे इस प्रकार निर्णय लेते हैं-

1.  प्रत्येक पड़ोसी रेजीडेंट वेलफेयर एसोसिएशन को इस निर्माण के समर्थन अथवा विरोध में अपना पत्र भेजता है।

यदि दोनों सहमत हो जाते है तो टैंक का निर्माण हो जाता है और उसकी लागत दोनों के बीच बराबर अर्थात् प्रत्येक को 10,000 रूपये पड़ती है। यदि केवल एक सहमत होता है तो टैंक के बन जाने के बाद एक ही व्यक्ति को पूरी लागत अर्थात् 20,000 रूपये वहन करने पड़ते हैं। यदि कोई भी सहमत नहीं होता है, तो टैंक का निर्माण नहीं होता। उपरोक्त स्थिति को सामान्य रूप में क्रीड़ा के रूप में प्रदर्शित करें तथा सभी नैश संतुलन बिंदुओं जिसमें विशुद्ध एवं मिश्रित कार्य नीतियाँ शामिल है, को ज्ञात करें।

                        सत्रीय कार्य-2

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों का उत्तर दें। प्रत्येक प्रश्न के उत्तर 10 अंक है।

 

 

3. क) उदाहरण देते हुए व्याख्या करें कि श्रम बाज़ार में संकेतन (सिगनलिंग) किस प्रकार कार्य करते हैं? श्रमिक किस प्रकार के संकेतों का प्रयोग करते हैं?

ख) एक कार प्रयुक्त बाज़ार में 50% कम अच्छी तथा 50% अच्छी कार हैं। क्रेता इन दोनों प्रकार की कारों में अंतर नही कर पाते। विक्रेता उन कम अच्छी कारों को प्रति कार 2,000 रूपये में तथा अच्छी कारों को प्रति कार 5,000 रूपयें में विक्रय करने हेतु तैयार हैं। दूसरी ओर, क्रेता अच्छी कार हेतु 6,000 रूपये तथा खराब या कम अच्छी कार हेतु 3,000 रूपये प्रति कार देने को तैयार हैं। परंतु वे इन दोनों कारों में अंतर बताने में समर्थ नहीं हैं।

1. यदि सभी क्रेता एक ही कीमत पर क्रय करने हेतु तैयार हैं तो वह क्या कीमत होगी?

आईआई. बाज़ार में कौन सी कार का प्रभुत्व होगा और क्यों?

4. क) रावलियन सामाजिक कल्याण फलन क्या है? यह फलन दर्शन (फिलासफी) तथा परिणाम में उपयोगिता परक फलन से किस प्रकार भिन्न है?

ख) स्थानांतरण वक्र क्या है? यह वक्र दो वस्तुओं के उत्पादन के बीच साधनों के आवंटन के बीच अदला-बदली (ट्रेड ऑफ) को कैसे प्रदर्शित करता है?

. प्रत्येक पड़ोसी रेजीडेंट वेलफेयर एसोसिएशन को इस निर्माण के समर्थन अथवा विरोध में अपना पत्र भेजता है।

यदि दोनों सहमत हो जाते है तो टैंक का निर्माण हो जाता है और उसकी लागत दोनों के बीच बराबर अर्थात् प्रत्येक को 10,000 रूपये पड़ती है। यदि केवल एक सहमत होता है तो टैंक के बन जाने के बाद एक ही व्यक्ति को पूरी लागत अर्थात् 20,000 रूपये वहन करने पड़ते हैं। यदि कोई भी सहमत नहीं होता है, तो टैंक का निर्माण नहीं होता। उपरोक्त स्थिति को सामान्य रूप में क्रीड़ा के रूप में प्रदर्शित करें तथा सभी नैश संतुलन बिंदुओं जिसमें विशुद्ध एवं मिश्रित कार्य नीतियाँ शामिल है, को ज्ञात करें।

            सत्रीय कार्य-2

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों का उत्तर दें। प्रत्येक प्रश्न के उत्तर 10 अंक है।

3. क) उदाहरण देते हुए व्याख्या करें कि श्रम बाज़ार में संकेतन (सिगनलिंग) किस प्रकार कार्य करते हैं? श्रमिक किस प्रकार के संकेतों का प्रयोग करते हैं?

ख) एक कार प्रयुक्त बाज़ार में 50% कम अच्छी तथा 50% अच्छी कार हैं। क्रेता इन दोनों प्रकार की कारों में अंतर नही कर पाते। विक्रेता उन कम अच्छी कारों को प्रति कार 2,000 रूपये में तथा अच्छी कारों को प्रति कार 5,000 रूपयें में विक्रय करने हेतु तैयार हैं। दूसरी ओर, क्रेता अच्छी कार हेतु 6,000 रूपये तथा खराब या कम अच्छी कार हेतु 3,000 रूपये प्रति कार देने को तैयार हैं। परंतु वे इन दोनों कारों में अंतर बताने में समर्थ नहीं हैं।

i. यदि सभी क्रेता एक ही कीमत पर क्रय करने हेतु तैयार हैं तो वह क्या कीमत होगी?

ii. बाज़ार में कौन सी कार का प्रभुत्व होगा और क्यों?

4. क) रावलियन सामाजिक कल्याण फलन क्या है? यह फलन दर्शन (philosophy) तथा परिणाम में उपयोगिता परक फलन से किस प्रकार भिन्न है?

ख) स्थानांतरण वक्र क्या है? यह वक्र दो वस्तुओं के उत्पादन के बीच साधनों के आवंटन के बीच अदला-बदली (trade off) को कैसे प्रदर्शित करता है?

5) क) कोस (coase) सिद्धांत को बतायें। किस प्रकार वैयक्तिक सौदागीरी बाह्यताओं का समाधान प्रस्तुत कर सकती है?

ख)  एक फर्म 100 इकाई का उत्पादन करती है। 20 रूपयें पर इसकी सीमांत लागत स्थिर है। वस्तु का उत्पादन प्रति इकाई सीमांत बाह्य लागत 10 रूपये उत्पन्न करता है। उपभेक्ता को प्राप्त होने वाली सीमांत लाभ 30 रूपये प्रति इकाई है। इस फर्म के लिए

i.उत्पादन का सामाजिक अनुकूलतम स्तर क्या होगा?

ii.पीगूवियन कर का आकलन करें जो बाह्यताओं का आंतरीकरण किया जा सके।

 

                      सत्रीय कार्य-3

निम्नलिखित सभी प्रश्नों का उत्तर दें। प्रत्येक प्रश्न 6 अंक का है।

6. दीर्घकाल में एकाधिकारात्मक फर्म क्यों सामान्य लाभ ही अर्जित करती हैं?

7. उपयोगिता संभावना वक्र की अवधारणा की व्याख्या करें।

8. गैर कीमत प्रतियोगिता क्या होती है?

9. अर्थशास्त्र अथवा व्यवसाय में क्रीड़ा सिद्धांत का प्रयोग करते हुए एक केस स्टडी लिखें।

10. एक असफल (Missing) बाज़ार क्या है?

 

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Product Information

Course Name Bachelor of Arts (Honours)
Course Code BA
Subject Code BECC 108
Subject Intermediate Microeconomics II
Programme BACHELOR DEGREE PROGRAMMES Courses
Language English
Material Type Solved Assignment – Soft Copy / PDF

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