Ancient India made significant contributions to the development of science and technology, reflecting a close relationship between practical needs, philosophical inquiry, and intellectual traditions. Scientific knowledge evolved through observation, experimentation, and systematic reasoning, influencing agriculture, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, metallurgy, architecture, and engineering. The achievements of ancient Indian scholars laid the foundation for later scientific developments in Asia and beyond. Mathematics was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India. The concept of zero as both a numeral and a mathematical value revolutionized arithmetic. The decimal place value system, developed by Indian mathematicians, simplified calculations and later spread to the Islamic world and Europe. Scholars such as Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskaracharya made important contributions to algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and arithmetic. Aryabhata accurately calculated the value of pi and explained the rotation of the Earth on its axis, while Brahmagupta established rules for operations involving zero and negative numbers. Astronomy developed alongside mathematics. Ancient Indian astronomers carefully observed celestial bodies to prepare calendars, determine seasons, and calculate eclipses. Texts such as the Surya Siddhanta contain sophisticated astronomical calculations regarding planetary movements, solar and lunar eclipses, and the measurement of time. Aryabhata proposed scientific explanations for eclipses, rejecting purely mythical interpretations. Observatories and astronomical instruments helped improve the accuracy of these