India’s diverse climatic conditions, topography, and vegetation have given rise to a variety of soil types, which are crucial for the country’s agriculture. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has classified the soils of India into eight major groups, each with distinctive characteristics, formation processes, and suitability for different crops. Alluvial soils are the most widespread and fertile soils of India, found mainly in the Indo-Gangetic plains, covering states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, and West Bengal. These soils are deposited by rivers and are rich in potash, phosphoric acid, and lime but may be deficient in nitrogen. They are highly suitable for crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton. Depending on the particle size and texture, alluvial soils are further divided into khadar (new alluvium) and bangar (old alluvium), with khadar being more fertile due to recent deposition. Black soils, also known as regur or cotton soils, are primarily found in the Deccan Plateau, covering Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Tamil Nadu. These soils are formed from the weathering of volcanic rocks such as basalt. They have high clay content, retain moisture well, and are rich in calcium, magnesium, and potash, making them highly suitable for cotton, which is why they are often called “black cotton soils.” Besides cotton, black soils support crops like millets, sorghum, and pulses. Red soils