Gandhi’s efforts to achieve Hindu-Muslim unity were driven by his deep commitment to the moral and spiritual integration of Indian society. He believed that India’s freedom struggle could not succeed without harmony between the two largest religious communities. Gandhi’s approach was rooted in his ethical and religious philosophy, emphasizing truth (satya), non-violence (ahimsa), and mutual understanding. He consistently promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims were two integral parts of India’s social and cultural fabric and that both communities needed to respect each other’s faiths and traditions to maintain social cohesion. Despite his sincere and sustained efforts, several reasons contributed to his failure to achieve lasting unity between Hindus and Muslims. One of the principal reasons was the deep historical and structural divides between the communities. Centuries of religious, cultural, and political differences had created mutual distrust and communal prejudices. Events such as repeated invasions, conflicts, and the colonial administrative policy of “divide and rule” had reinforced a sense of separation. The British often exploited these divisions to maintain their control over India, providing political and social advantages to one group over the other at different times, thereby deepening communal suspicions. Gandhi’s moral appeals, however sincere, were insufficient to erase these long-standing historical grievances that had been institutionalized and socially ingrained. Economic disparities and social inequalities between Hindus and Muslims also posed a challenge. Many Muslims felt economically marginalized or politically insecure, particularly in regions where Hindus formed the majority. Gandhi’s approach focused on ethical persuasion rather than structural or political remedies, which limited his capacity to address these socio-economic grievances fully. While he encouraged programs such as interfaith dialogue, shared educational initiatives, and cooperative village development, these measures did not always penetrate the deep economic and social concerns that fueled communal tension. Political developments during the struggle for independence further complicated Gandhi’s efforts. The rise of