Question
What is the difference between Authentication and Authorization?
Explain with example.
Answer :
Word Count : 1145
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सॉफ्टवेयर कंप्यूटर प्रणाली का वह अभिन्न भाग है जो कंप्यूटर के हार्डवेयर को निर्देश देता है कि उसे किस प्रकार कार्य करना है। सामान्य शब्दों में, सॉफ्टवेयर निर्देशों, प्रोग्रामों और संबंधित डेटा का ऐसा समूह है जिसके माध्यम से कंप्यूटर से किसी विशेष कार्य को कराया जाता है। कंप्यूटर का हार्डवेयर अपने आप कोई उपयोगी कार्य नहीं कर सकता; उसे कार्य करने के लिए सॉफ्टवेयर द्वारा दिए गए निर्देशों की आवश्यकता होती है। इसलिए सॉफ्टवेयर को कंप्यूटर का तार्किक या प्रोग्रामगत भाग कहा जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए, जब उपयोगकर्ता कोई दस्तावेज तैयार करता है, गणना करता है, इंटरनेट चलाता है या कोई चित्र बनाता है, तो इन सभी कार्यों के पीछे संबंधित सॉफ्टवेयर कार्य करता है। सॉफ्टवेयर को मुख्य रूप से दो प्रमुख प्रकारों में बाँटा जाता है—सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर और एप्लीकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर। इनके अतिरिक्त प्रोग्रामिंग सॉफ्टवेयर तथा यूटिलिटी सॉफ्टवेयर को भी सॉफ्टवेयर की महत्वपूर्ण श्रेणियों के रूप में समझा जाता है। सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर ऐसे प्रोग्रामों का समूह है जो कंप्यूटर के हार्डवेयर संसाधनों को नियंत्रित और प्रबंधित करता है तथा उपयोगकर्ता और हार्डवेयर के बीच एक माध्यम के रूप में कार्य करता है। यह कंप्यूटर के मूलभूत संचालन के लिए आवश्यक होता है। सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर के बिना कंप्यूटर के विभिन्न हार्डवेयर उपकरणों का उचित उपयोग संभव नहीं होता। ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण उदाहरण है। Windows, Linux, macOS, Android आदि ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम हैं। ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम मेमोरी, प्रोसेसर, फाइल, इनपुट-आउटपुट उपकरण तथा अन्य संसाधनों का प्रबंधन करता है। सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर में डिवाइस ड्राइवर भी शामिल होते हैं। डिवाइस ड्राइवर ऐसे प्रोग्राम होते हैं जो ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम को प्रिंटर, की-बोर्ड, माउस, स्कैनर,
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