Question
What is the chemical significance of 'tacticity' in polymers?
Answer :
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Tacticity is the chemical description of the spatial arrangement, or stereochemical regularity, of substituent groups attached to the main chain of a polymer. It is particularly important in polymers formed from substituted vinyl monomers such as propene, methyl methacrylate, styrene, and vinyl chloride. When such monomers polymerize, the carbon atoms of the polymer backbone can possess different configurations because the substituent groups may be arranged in different ways relative to the polymer chain. This arrangement is called tacticity. In the chemistry of materials, tacticity is significant because it strongly influences molecular packing, crystallinity, thermal behaviour, mechanical strength, solubility, and many other physical properties of polymers. Tacticity arises because polymer chains contain asymmetric or stereogenic centres when suitable substituents are present. Consider polypropylene as an important example. Each repeating unit contains a methyl group attached to the polymer backbone. Depending on the spatial orientation of these methyl groups along the chain, polypropylene can exist in isotactic, syndiotactic, or atactic forms. These forms have the same chemical composition and essentially the same covalent connectivity, but their three-dimensional arrangements are different. Thus, tacticity demonstrates how molecular structure beyond simple chemical composition can control the properties of a material. In an isotactic polymer, all the substituent groups are arranged on the same side of the polymer backbone when represented in a suitable planar conformation. In isotactic polypropylene, for example, the methyl groups have predominantly the same stereochemical configuration along the chain. This regularity allows polymer chains to adopt ordered conformations and pack efficiently. Consequently, isotactic polymers generally have a high tendency to crystallize. Their crystalline regions provide greater intermolecular interactions and restrict molecular motion, resulting in relatively high stiffness, strength,
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