Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honey bees from the buds, bark, and exudates of various trees and plants. Bees gather sticky plant resins and mix them with wax, pollen, and enzymes secreted from their salivary glands to produce propolis. It is commonly known as “bee glue” because bees use it to seal cracks, strengthen hive structures, and protect the colony from external infections and environmental threats. Propolis plays a vital role in maintaining hygiene and sterility inside the beehive by preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other harmful microorganisms. The composition of propolis varies depending upon the geographical location, botanical source, and climatic conditions, but generally it consists of plant resins and balsams ranging from about 50–60 percent, beeswax around 25–30 percent, essential and aromatic oils approximately 5–10 percent, pollen about 5 percent, and other organic compounds including vitamins, minerals, and enzymes. Chemically, propolis contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, esters, aldehydes, amino acids, terpenes, and steroids. Among these components, flavonoids and phenolic compounds are mainly responsible for its biological and medicinal properties. It also contains trace elements such as iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, and copper which contribute to its therapeutic value.