Image statistics refers to the quantitative description and analysis of the digital values present in an image. In remote sensing and digital image processing, an image is composed of pixels, each having a digital number representing the intensity of reflected or emitted electromagnetic energy from the Earth’s surface. Image statistics summarize the distribution, relationship, and variability of these pixel values, enabling interpretation, enhancement, classification, and analysis of remotely sensed data. Statistical analysis helps in understanding image characteristics, reducing noise, improving contrast, and extracting meaningful information from satellite or aerial images. Univariate image statistics deal with the analysis of a single variable or a single spectral band at a time. In this approach, the statistical properties of pixel values within one band are studied independently, without considering relationships with other bands. The most basic univariate statistic is the mean, which represents the average digital number of all pixels in a given area and provides an overall brightness level of the image