Globalisation refers to the growing interconnection and interdependence among countries, economies, and people through the rapid exchange of goods, services, information, technology, and capital across national borders. It signifies the transformation of the world into a single marketplace where national boundaries are less significant in economic, cultural, and business activities. The advancement of communication technologies, transportation, and trade liberalisation has made it possible for firms to operate globally, access diverse markets, and integrate resources from multiple nations to enhance competitiveness. Globalisation, therefore, is not just an economic phenomenon but a multifaceted process encompassing social, political, cultural, and technological dimensions that collectively shape the modern international business environment. The major forces driving globalisation are numerous and interconnected. One of the most powerful forces is technological advancement. Innovations in information and communication technology (ICT), such as the internet, mobile communication, and data analytics, have revolutionised how businesses operate across borders. These technologies facilitate real-time communication, global collaboration, and efficient management of international operations. For instance, companies like Amazon and Alibaba have built global e-commerce platforms that connect buyers and sellers from different parts of the world, demonstrating how technology removes geographical barriers and fosters international trade. Similarly, advancements in transportation technologies, including containerisation and air freight, have drastically reduced the cost and time of moving goods, making global supply chains more efficient and feasible for firms of all sizes. Another crucial force is trade liberalisation and the deregulation of markets. Over the past few decades, many countries have reduced tariffs, eliminated trade barriers, and entered into regional and multilateral trade agreements such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the European Union (EU). These agreements encourage the free flow of goods, services, and investments across borders. For example, the European single market allows businesses within member states to trade and operate freely without facing significant regulatory barriers, thereby promoting economic integration. This liberalisation not only enhances competition but also pushes companies to improve efficiency and innovation to maintain their global market positions. The rise of multinational corporations (MNCs) is another significant driver of globalisation. These corporations expand their operations worldwide to exploit cost advantages, access new markets, and source raw materials. For instance, global brands like Coca-Cola, Apple, and Toyota have established a strong presence across continents, standardising their products while adapting marketing strategies to local cultures. Their global operations demonstrate how corporate expansion fosters economic linkages between nations and stimulates the exchange of technologies, managerial practices, and skills. Economic policies promoting foreign direct investment (FDI) also accelerate globalisation. Many countries have adopted open-door policies to attract foreign investors by offering tax incentives, reducing restrictions on ownership, and providing infrastructural support. This inflow of capital not only boosts local economies but also integrates them into the global production network. China’s economic transformation since the 1980s is a striking