Environmental policy refers to the commitment of a government or an organization to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issues. It is essentially a set of measures and actions taken to manage human impact on the environment in a sustainable way. Environmental policy seeks to regulate resource use, control pollution, conserve natural resources, and protect ecosystems. It is based on the understanding that economic and social development must occur in harmony with ecological preservation to ensure long-term sustainability.

In the context of ecology, environment, and urban development, environmental policy becomes critical because urbanization and industrialization often pose significant threats to natural ecosystems. Policies aim to mediate between development goals and environmental protection, ensuring that urban growth does not lead to irreversible environmental degradation. The major concerns addressed by environmental policies include air and water pollution, waste management, climate change, biodiversity conservation, and the sustainable management of natural resources.

At the national level, India has formulated several environmental policies to address the growing ecological challenges posed by rapid urban development and industrialization. The evolution of environmental policy in India can be traced back to the early 1970s, particularly after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972. Following this, India amended its Constitution to include specific provisions for environmental protection. Article 48A of the Directive Principles of State Policy directs the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife. Article 51A(g) of the Fundamental Duties calls upon every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.