Compare and analyse the impact of Planned Vs Unplanned tourism destinations
Consequences of Unplanned Development
What can happen if a destination area does not involve itself in tourism planning'? The examples are numerous and often well-documented, especially' as they relate to tourism's impact on the physical environment. Some of the symptoms of a lack of tourism planning may include the following:
PHYSICAL IMPACTS
· Damage or permanent alteration of the physical environment
· Damage or permanent alteration of historical cultural landmarks and resources
· Overcrowding and congestion
· Pollution
· Traffic problems
HUMAN IMPACTS
· Less accessibility to services and tourist attractions for local residents resulting in local resentment
· Dislike of tourists on the part of local residents Loss of cultural identities
· Lack of education of tourism employees in skills and hospitality Lack of awareness of the benefits of tourism to the destination area
MARKETING IMPACTS
· Failure to capitalize on new marketing opportunities
· Erosion of market shares due to the actions of competitive destination areas Lack of sufficient awareness in prime markets Lack of a clear image of destination area in potential markets Lack of cooperative advertising among individual operators Inadequate capitalization on packaging opportunities
ORGANIZATIONAL IMPACTS
· Fragmented approach to the marketing and development of tourism, often
· involving "competitive" splinter groups
· Lack of cooperation among individual operators
· Inadequate representation of the tourism industry's interests Lack of support from local public authorities
· Failure to act upon important issues, problems, and opportunities of common interest to the industry
OTHER IMPACTS
· Inadequate signage programs
· Lack of sufficient attractions and events High seasonality and short lengths of stay
· Poor or deteriorating quality of facilities and services Poor or inadequate travel information services
Although the critics of tourism as an economic activity have made much of these negatives, particularly as they relate to environmental conservation and negative cultural/social effects, the blame can more properly be attached to the lack of tourism planning than to the inherent nature of tourism itself.
(from external sources)
Tourism Development: Cost Benefit & Impact Analysis
Estimating the economic impact of tourist development:
The objective and detailed evaluation of the economic impact of tourism can be a long and complicated task. Much of the difficulties arises out the disparate nature of the industry and the range of benefit and costs which can accrue to or are borne by various groups or individuals.
Development versus operation
The development stage is when products services and facilities are being constructed with capitals from developers (financers). State expenditure on infrastructure may initially be very heavy.
Operation stage is when the products, services and facilities are used. The tourist expenditure which is generated will circulate in the economy. Thus, the stage or time period during which a project is examined may influence significally its economic evaluation.
The spectrum of development
The comprehensive economic impact study must consider the whole spectrum of the tourism project or national and regional tourist industry. All the sector needs to be examined for their potential in developing tourism. In other words, cooperation, collaboration and coordination must foster individual creativity and innovation in development to meet new private enterprise should be guided into locations and programs in which it can be more and more successful. Public agencies should be guided into locations and programs that meet their special governmental mandates and yet are compatible with commercial enterprise and non profit organizations.
Pattern of ownership, investment, cost, income and employment generation will vary from sector to sector and each of the needs to be taken into consideration to get a full picture.
Benefits and costs
Tourism has major economic significance for a country. Visitors spending generate income for both public and private sectors besides effecting wages and employment opportunities. Although tourism is sensitive to the level of economic activity in the tourist generating countries, it provides more fixed earnings then primary products. The major economic benefit in promoting the tourism industry has therefore tended to be the earning of foreign exchange. Balance of payments
The balance of payments shows the relationship between a country's total payments to all other countries and its total receipts from them. In other" words, it may be defined as a statement of income and expenditure on international account. Payment and receipts on international accounts are of these kinds:
1. the variable balance of trade (import and export of goods)
2. invisible items (shipping and insurance)
3. Capital transfers.
The receipts from foreign tourist form an invisible export, similar to other invisible which come from transportation, shipping, banking, insurance, income on individual etc.
Because most countries from time to time have serious problem with the balance of their international payments, much attention comes to be focused on tourism because of its potentially important contribution to and also effect upon the balance of payment.
Net foreign exchange receipts from tourism are reduced principally by the import cost of goods and services used by visitors, foreign exchange costs of capital investment in tourist amenities, promotion and publicity expenditures abroad. The leakages factors differ from country to country. There is a general need for a careful program import substitution.
Employment
The tourist industry is a highly labour intensive service industry and hence is a valuable source of employment. It employs large number of people and provides a wide range of jobs which extend from the unskilled to the highly specialized indirect employment are also created in tourism. For example, souvenir farming, food, furnishing and equipment industries. The construction industry is another big source of employment. It provides infrastructure, public utilities and tourism units. A further advantage seen with tourist development is that it may create jobs more cheaply than other sectors of the economy. The effect of seasonality will be influenced in large part by the existence or not of other seasonal labour demands or opportunities and the extent to which these are complementary or competitive.
Regional development
Another important domestic effect relates to the regional aspects of tourist expenditure. Such expenditure is of special significance in marginal areas, which are relatively isolated, economically under developed and have unemployment problems. It further stated that in some cases the development of tourism may be the only means of promoting
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