After Independence in 1947, the Government of India recognized that tribal communities required special administrative arrangements because of their distinct socio-cultural identity, geographical isolation, economic marginalization, and historical exploitation. The makers of the Constitution aimed to protect tribal interests while ensuring their integration into the national mainstream without forcing cultural assimilation. Consequently, a unique framework of tribal administration was established through constitutional provisions, laws, policies, and development programmes. The Constitution of India provides a strong legal foundation for tribal administration. Article 46 directs the State to promote the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Tribes (STs) and protect them from social injustice and exploitation. Article 244 provides for the administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas through the Fifth and Sixth Schedules. These schedules recognize that tribal regions require different administrative mechanisms suited to their customs, traditions, and local governance systems. The Fifth Schedule applies to Scheduled Areas in most states with significant tribal populations. It empowers the Governor to make regulations for peace and good governance, including restricting the transfer of tribal land to non-tribals and regulating money lending. The Governor submits annual reports to the President regarding the administration of Scheduled Areas. Tribal Advisory Councils (TACs), consisting mainly of tribal representatives, advise the Governor on matters related to tribal welfare and development. The Sixth Schedule applies to certain tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. It provides