IGNOU MCS 207 2025 2026 - There are four questions in this assignment, which carries 80 marks. R

Question

There are four questions in this assignment, which carries 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for viva voce. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of the presentation. The answer to each part of the question should be confined to about 300 words. Make suitable assumption, if any.

Question 1: (Covers Block 1)

(a) What are the limitations of file-based systems? How does a database approach resolve those limitations? Also, explain the physical architecture of a database management system (DBMS).

(b) Explain the following terms in the context of a relational model with the help of one example of each:

(i) Key constraints

(ii) Domain constraints

(iii) Candidate key

(iv) Select operation

(v) Project Operation

(vi) Equijoin Operation

(vii) Set Difference operation

(viii) Referential Integrity constraint

(c) A departmental store maintains the inventory of all the items that it sells using a database system. In addition, this system is used for keeping a record of the sales of items to its registered customers. This database is used to find the following details by the staff of the departmental store:

List of the items that are out of stock.

List of customers and the items purchased by them.

List of all the items in the store.

Draw an ER diagram for the departmental store. Specify key attributes and constraints on each entity type and on each relationship type. Note any unspecified requirement and make appropriate assumptions to make the specification complete.

(d) Design normalised tables in 3NF for the ER diagram drawn in part (c), with the required integrity constraints.

(e) Explain the role of the primary index in a database system. Also, compare the primary indexes with the secondary indexes. What are clustering Indexes? Explain with the help of an example

01 Dec 2025

Answer :

Word Count : 708

(a) File-based systems have several limitations. Firstly, they lead to data redundancy, as the same data may be stored in multiple files, increasing storage requirements and causing inconsistency. Secondly, file-based systems lack data integrity and enforcement of constraints, resulting in potential errors and unreliable information. Thirdly, accessing data can be inefficient because there is no standard query mechanism, and retrieving specific information often requires writing complex programs. Moreover, file-based systems do not support concurrent access effectively, leading to problems with synchronization and consistency when multiple users attempt to modify data simultaneously. Backup and recovery are also complicated in file-based systems, making data management cumbersome. The database approach resolves these limitations by centralizing data management through a Database Management System (DBMS). A DBMS reduces redundancy, enforces integrity constraints, provides standardized query languages like SQL for efficient data retrieval, and supports multi-user access while maintaining data consistency through transaction management. It also provides mechanisms for backup, recovery, and security, ensuring reliable and organized data management.

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