Substantive equality refers to an approach that goes beyond the idea of formal equality, which assumes that treating everyone in the same manner automatically ensures fairness. In the context of Gender and Development, substantive equality recognizes that women and men often begin from unequal social, economic, cultural, and political positions due to historical discrimination and structural inequalities. Therefore, achieving genuine equality requires addressing these disadvantages through specific measures, policies, and institutional changes. The concept of substantive equality is closely linked with the understanding that gender inequality is not simply a result of individual choices but is deeply rooted in social structures, norms, and power relations. Formal equality may provide equal rights and opportunities on