Spectral signatures refer to the specific pattern of reflectance or emittance of electromagnetic radiation by different Earth surface features across various wavelengths. These signatures are detected using remote sensing instruments and are fundamental in climate change assessment tools, enabling identification and monitoring of changes in land cover, vegetation, water bodies, ice cover, and urban surfaces over time. Each Earth surface feature interacts differently with sunlight and emits a unique spectral response across different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum (especially visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared). These differences are captured as spectral signatures. They help differentiate one surface type from another based on how they absorb and reflect energy. Vegetation exhibits high reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) region due to internal leaf structure and low reflectance in visible red due to chlorophyll absorption. Healthy vegetation, in particular, shows a distinct “red edge” between red and NIR, making indices like NDVI (Normalized Difference