Self-construal refers to the way individuals understand, define, and evaluate themselves in relation to others and their social environment. In social psychology, self-construal is commonly discussed in terms of two broad forms: independent and interdependent self-construal. Independent self-construal is generally associated with Western, individualistic cultures, while interdependent self-construal is more common in many Asian, African, and Latin American cultures. These different ways of understanding the self influence personality, social behaviour, motivation, relationships, emotions, and decision-making. An independent self-construal emphasizes the individual as a distinct and autonomous person. People with this orientation tend to define themselves through personal characteristics, abilities, preferences, opinions, and achievements. They are encouraged to express their individuality, develop personal goals, and make decisions according to their own wishes. In cultures where independence is valued, outcomes such as personal achievement, self-confidence, assertiveness, and autonomy are often considered important indicators of success. Individuals may be more willing to express disagreement, compete with others, and pursue opportunities that promote their personal development. An interdependent self-construal, in contrast, emphasizes relationships, social roles, duties, and group membership. Individuals understand themselves as connected with family, friends, colleagues, and wider social groups. Personal identity is