Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-centred, collaborative psychotherapeutic method developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick to help individuals resolve ambivalence and strengthen their motivation for positive behavioural change. It is particularly useful when a person recognizes that change may be necessary but feels uncertain, reluctant, or unable to act. Unlike directive approaches that tell clients what they should do, motivational interviewing seeks to evoke the client’s own reasons, values, and capacity for change. The central principle of motivational interviewing is that motivation is not simply a fixed characteristic of an individual. It can be influenced by the quality of the therapeutic relationship and the manner in which the therapist communicates. MI therefore emphasizes empathy, acceptance, collaboration, and respect for the client’s autonomy. The therapist avoids confrontation, argument, labelling, and excessive persuasion because these may increase resistance and defensiveness. Motivational interviewing is commonly described through four broad processes: engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning. Engaging involves establishing a trusting and respectful therapeutic relationship. Focusing means developing a shared understanding of the particular behaviour or goal that needs attention. Evoking involves drawing out the client’s own motivations and reasons for change. Planning occurs when