Dam construction is one of the most significant anthropogenic interventions in natural ecosystems, and its ecological consequences are multifaceted. At the most basic level, dams alter the natural flow of rivers, which fundamentally changes the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The alteration of river flow affects sediment transport, nutrient cycling, water temperature, and habitat connectivity, all of which are essential to maintaining ecological balance. These changes can have cascading effects on both upstream and downstream environments, affecting biodiversity, soil fertility, and human communities that depend on the river ecosystem. One of the most immediate ecological impacts of dam construction is the disruption of natural river flow patterns. Rivers are dynamic systems where seasonal fluctuations in water volume and speed play a critical role in shaping riverbeds, distributing sediments, and sustaining floodplain ecosystems. Dams, by regulating and often reducing downstream flow, interfere with these natural processes. For instance, the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River in Egypt has significantly reduced the annual flooding that once replenished nutrients in the Nile Delta. The suppression of flooding has led to soil nutrient depletion, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased dependence on artificial fertilizers, illustrating how dam-induced hydrological changes can indirectly affect terrestrial ecosystems. Sediment trapping behind dams is another major ecological consequence. Sediments naturally carried by rivers are essential for maintaining river deltas, coastal wetlands, and estuarine ecosystems. When a dam intercepts these sediments, downstream areas may experience erosion, land loss, and the degradation of habitats that support a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial species. The Three Gorges Dam in China, for example, has trapped a significant proportion of sediment that would otherwise