Ammonium assimilation is a vital process in plants, as ammonium ions serve as an important source of nitrogen for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other nitrogenous compounds. Although ammonium can arise from nitrate reduction, biological nitrogen fixation, photorespiration, and protein turnover, free ammonium is toxic to plant cells. Therefore, plants rapidly assimilate ammonium into organic forms through the GS-GOGAT pathway, which is the principal and most efficient mechanism for ammonium assimilation under normal physiological conditions. The GS-GOGAT pathway consists of two sequential enzyme-catalyzed reactions carried out by glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). In the first step, ammonium is incorporated into the amino acid glutamine by the enzyme glutamine synthetase. This reaction takes place in the cytosol and plastids and requires ATP as an energy source. Glutamine synthetase catalyzes the condensation of ammonium with the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate to form glutamine. This step is crucial because it converts potentially toxic ammonium into a stable, non-toxic amino acid, while also regulating intracellular ammonium concentration. In the second