Catalysis plays a central role in green chemistry by enabling chemical reactions to proceed more efficiently, selectively, and under milder conditions, thereby reducing energy consumption and minimizing waste. Catalysts accelerate reactions without being consumed, which decreases the need for excess reactants and lowers the generation of by-products. For instance, using heterogeneous catalysts allows easy separation and reuse, reducing solvent and reagent usage. Enzyme catalysis, a form of biocatalysis, operates under ambient temperatures and pressures, offering highly specific transformations that avoid