In buildings, heat transfer occurs primarily through three mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation, each playing a significant role in determining indoor thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for designing energy-efficient buildings and minimizing heating or cooling loads. Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid material without the physical movement of the material itself. In buildings, conduction occurs through walls, roofs, floors, windows, and doors. The rate of conductive heat transfer depends on the material's thermal conductivity, thickness, and the temperature difference across it. Materials with high thermal conductivity, such as metals, allow heat to pass through quickly, while materials with low conductivity, like wood or insulation, resist heat flow. For instance, during summer, heat from the outside can pass through poorly insulated walls, increasing indoor cooling demand, while in winter, heat generated indoors can escape through walls and roofs if insulation is inadequate. Convection involves heat transfer through the movement of fluids, which in buildings usually refers