Solid waste generated in human settlements is commonly described using terms such as rubbish, refuse, and garbage, each carrying specific meanings in hygiene, sanitation, and waste management. Understanding these distinctions is essential for proper segregation, handling, transportation, and disposal, which ultimately influence environmental health and public hygiene. The term “refuse” is the most comprehensive among the three and refers to all types of solid waste that are discarded as unwanted materials. It includes a broad spectrum of wastes generated from households, commercial establishments, institutions, streets, and industries. Refuse is generally classified into biodegradable and non-biodegradable components, as well as hazardous and non-hazardous fractions. It may contain organic matter such as food scraps, paper, and yard waste, as well as inorganic materials like plastics, metals, glass, and ash. In sanitation practices, refuse serves as an umbrella category under which more specific types of waste, including rubbish and garbage, are grouped. Effective refuse management involves segregation at source, collection, recycling, composting, and safe disposal in sanitary landfills to prevent environmental contamination