Question
Explain the process, activities and principles of management.
Answer :
Word Count : 3271
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Skip in 10
Management as an activity includes -
Informational activities - In the functioning of business enterprise, the manager constantly has to receive and give information orally or in written. A communication link has to be maintained with subordinates as well as superiors for effective functioning of an enterprise.
Decisional activities - Practically all types of managerial activities are based on one or the other types of decisions. Therefore, managers are continuously involved in decisions of different kinds since the decision made by one manager becomes the basis of action to be taken by other managers. (E.g. Sales Manager is deciding the media & content of advertising).
Inter-personal activities - Management involves achieving goals through people. Therefore, managers have to interact with superiors as well as the sub-ordinates. They must maintain good relations with them. The inter-personal activities include with the sub-ordinates and taking care of the problem. (E.g. Bonuses to be given to the sub-ordinates).
As a process, management consists of three aspects:
Management is a social process - Since human factor is most important among the other factors, therefore management is concerned with developing relationship among people. It is the duty of management to make interaction between people - productive and useful for obtaining organizational goals.
Management is an integrating process - Management undertakes the job of bringing together human physical and financial resources so as to achieve organizational purpose. Therefore, is an important function to bring harmony between various factors.
Management is a continuous process - It is a never ending process. It is concerned with constantly identifying the problem and solving them by taking adequate steps. It is an on-going process.
There are 14 Principles of Management described by Henri Fayol.
Division of Labor
Henri Fayol has stressed on the specialization of jobs.
He recommended that work of all kinds must be divided & subdivided and allotted to various persons according to their expertise in a particular area.
Subdivision of work makes it simpler and results in efficiency.
It also helps the individual in acquiring speed, accuracy in his performance.
Specialization leads to efficiency & economy in spheres of business.
Party of Authority & Responsibility
Authority & responsibility are co-existing.
If authority is given to a person, he should also be made responsible.
In a same way, if anyone is made responsible for any job, he should also have concerned authority.
Authority refers to the right of superiors to get exactness from their sub-ordinates whereas responsibility means obligation for the performance of the job assigned.
There should be a balance between the two i.e. they must go hand in hand.
Authority without responsibility leads to irresponsible behavior whereas responsibility without authority makes the person ineffective.
Principle of One Boss
A sub-ordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one boss at a time.
In other words, a sub-ordinate should not receive instructions from more than one person because -
- It undermines authority
- Weakens discipline
- Divides loyalty
- Creates confusion
- Delays and chaos
- Escaping responsibilities
- Duplication of work
- Overlapping of efforts
Therefore, dual sub-ordination should be avoided unless and until it is absolutely essential.
Unity of command provides the enterprise a disciplined, stable & orderly existence.
It creates harmonious relationship between superiors and sub-ordinates.
Unity of Direction
Fayol advocates one head one plan which means that there should be one plan for a group of activities having similar objectives.
Related activities should be grouped together. There should be one plan of action for them and they should be under the charge of a particular manager.
According to this principle, efforts of all the members of the organization should be directed towards common goal.
Without unity of direction, unity of action cannot be achieved.
In fact, unity of command is not possible without unity of direction.
Management as
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