Nutrient cycling refers to the movement and transformation of essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium within an ecosystem. Forest ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining nutrient cycles through interactions among vegetation, soil, microorganisms, and climate. Tropical and temperate forests differ significantly in their nutrient cycling processes due to variations in temperature, rainfall, soil characteristics, and biological activity. In tropical forests, nutrient cycling is rapid and highly efficient. These forests experience high temperatures and heavy rainfall throughout the year, which promote intense biological activity. A large proportion of nutrients is stored in the living biomass rather than in the soil. Trees, shrubs, and other plants quickly absorb nutrients released from decomposing organic matter. Leaf litter, dead wood, and other organic debris fall to the forest floor continuously and are rapidly decomposed by bacteria, fungi, termites, and other soil