Explain the layers of TCP/IP reference model. Compare its advantages and
disadvantages with respect to OSI model.
The application layer is provided by the program that uses TCP/IP for communication. An application is a user process cooperating with another process usually on a different host (there is also a benefit to application communication within a single host). Examples of applications include Telnet and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
Transport Layer
The transport layer provides the end-to-end data transfer by delivering data from an application to its remote peer. Multiple applications can be supported simultaneously. The most-used transport layer protocol is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which provides connection-oriented reliable data delivery, duplicate data suppression, congestion control, and flow control.
Another transport layer protocol is the User Datagram Protocol It provides connectionless, unreliable, best-effort service. As a result, applications using UDP as the transport protocol have to provide their own end-to-end integrity, flow control, and congestion control, if desired. Usually, UDP is used by applications that need a fast transport mechanism and can tolerate the loss of some data.
Internetwork Layer
The internetwork layer, also called the internet layer or the network layer, provides the “virtual network” image of an internet this layer shields the higherlevels from the physical network architecture below it. Internet Protocol (IP) is the most important protocol in this layer. It is a connectionless protocol that does not assume reliability from lower layers. IP does not provide reliability, flow control, or error recovery.
These functions must be provided at a higher level. IP provides a routing function
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