Causality refers to the relationship between cause and effect, in which one event is understood to produce or bring about another event. In traditional metaphysics and science, causation was considered a necessary connection between events, meaning that whenever a particular cause occurs, a specific effect must follow. The idea of causality plays a central role in human knowledge because scientific explanation, prediction, and everyday reasoning depend upon the belief that the world operates according to stable causal laws. Philosophers before the modern period generally assumed that causal relations were objectively present in nature and could be known through reason or observation. In early modern philosophy, causality was closely associated with rational explanation. Thinkers believed that reason could discover necessary connections underlying natural phenomena. The mechanistic worldview of modern science strengthened this belief by explaining physical processes through laws of