Question
Explain the four foundational architectural pillars of object orientation: Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism with the help of example(s).
Answer :
Word Count : 496
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Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is based on the object-oriented approach, in which a software system is represented as a collection of interacting objects. Four foundational pillars provide the basis for designing flexible, reusable, secure, and maintainable software systems: abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. These principles help developers model real-world entities and their relationships effectively. Abstraction is the process of identifying and representing only the essential characteristics of an object while hiding unnecessary implementation details. It allows users and developers to focus on what an object does rather than how it performs its operations. In OOAD, abstraction is commonly represented through classes, interfaces, and abstract classes. For example, a `Vehicle` class may define operations such as `start()`, `stop()`, and `accelerate()`. A user needs to know that the vehicle can start, but does not need to understand the internal functioning of its engine. Similarly, an interface such as `Payment` may provide a `makePayment()` operation without specifying how payment is processed internally. Encapsulation refers to combining data and the operations that manipulate that data within a single unit, generally a class, while restricting direct access to
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