The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, adopted on 12 December 2015 at COP21 in Paris and entered into force on 4 November 2016, represents a historic and legally binding international treaty designed to address global climate change. It marks a transformative shift in global climate governance by bringing together almost all nations with a shared commitment to limit global warming and build resilience against climate impacts. The Agreement aims to move the world toward a low-carbon, climate-resilient future while supporting sustainable development and poverty reduction. One of its most defining features is universality, as it was accepted by 196 Parties, making it the most widely endorsed climate treaty in history. It emphasizes cooperation rather than obligation-based enforcement, enabling both developed and developing countries to participate according to their national priorities and capabilities. A central feature of the Paris Agreement is its long-term temperature goal, which aims to limit the rise in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to restrict warming to 1.5°C. This target emerged from scientific assessments highlighting that exceeding 1.5°C could trigger irreversible climate impacts, including sea-level rise, extreme weather events, coral reef collapse, and threats to food and water security. The agreement recognizes that achieving this target requires rapid reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and the transition toward net zero emissions by the second half of the twenty-first century. Countries are encouraged to align their national policies with pathways that stabilize global temperature and decarbonize the global economy. Another important feature of the Paris Agreement is the system of Nationally Determined Contributions. Instead of imposing uniform emission reduction targets, the Agreement allows each country to define its own climate actions based on national capabilities and development needs. These contributions must be ambitious, progressive, and reflective of each country’s highest possible effort. Countries are required to submit updated NDCs every five years, with each update expected to demonstrate improvement over previous commitments. This dynamic mechanism ensures long-term engagement and continuous strengthening of global climate action. The transparency framework linked to NDCs requires countries to report their emissions and progress using agreed guidelines, thereby enhancing trust and accountability in the process. The Paris Agreement also includes a strong focus on