Electrical faults are one of the major causes of fire accidents in homes, offices, industries, commercial buildings and public facilities. Electricity is essential for modern life, but defective wiring, overloaded circuits, damaged equipment and improper electrical practices can generate excessive heat, sparks or electric arcs, which may ignite nearby combustible materials. Understanding these causes is therefore essential for effective fire safety and prevention. One common cause of electrical fires is short-circuiting. A short circuit occurs when electrical current finds an unintended low-resistance path, causing a sudden increase in current flow. This produces intense heat that can melt insulation, damage conductors and ignite surrounding materials. Short circuits may occur because of damaged wires, loose connections, faulty appliances or poor-quality electrical components. Overloading of electrical circuits is another important cause. When too many appliances are connected to a single circuit or socket, the current flowing through the wires may exceed their designed capacity. Continuous overloading causes conductors to heat up. If the protective device does not operate properly, this excessive