The emergence of new diseases and zoonotic diseases is influenced by a complex interaction of biological, environmental, social, and economic factors. In the context of pandemic preparedness and response, understanding these factors is essential for early detection, prevention, and control of infectious disease outbreaks. Emerging diseases are those that appear for the first time in a population or rapidly increase in incidence or geographical range. Zoonotic diseases are infections that are naturally transmitted between animals and humans, and they constitute a major proportion of emerging infectious diseases. Changes in human–animal interactions are among the most important factors favouring the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Expansion of agriculture, livestock farming, and animal markets increases contact between humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, creating opportunities for pathogens to cross species barriers. Practices such as intensive animal production, improper animal handling, and poor biosecurity measures can facilitate the spread and evolution of infectious agents. Environmental changes also contribute significantly to disease emergence. Deforestation, urban expansion, mining, and habitat destruction disturb natural ecosystems and bring humans closer to