Air pollution has emerged as one of the most serious environmental challenges of the modern era, affecting not only human health but also the well-being of animals and entire ecosystems. The human environment, which encompasses the surroundings in which humans and other living beings coexist, is increasingly impacted by the release of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. Animals, both wild and domestic, are directly and indirectly affected by the deterioration of air quality, and these effects can manifest in various forms, ranging from physical health problems to behavioral and reproductive disturbances. Understanding the impact of air pollution on animals is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate these effects and preserve biodiversity. Air pollutants are substances released into the atmosphere that can have harmful effects on living organisms. These pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash or dust, but in the context of human-induced air pollution, they primarily come from industrial activities, vehicular emissions, burning of fossil fuels, and the release of chemical compounds. Common air pollutants include particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O₃), and heavy metals like lead and mercury. Each of these pollutants interacts differently with the respiratory and physiological systems of animals, leading to a range of health and behavioral consequences. One of the most immediate effects of air pollution on animals is respiratory distress. Just as humans suffer from asthma, bronchitis, and other lung-related conditions due to polluted air, animals too experience breathing difficulties when exposed to high concentrations of pollutants. Birds, for example, are particularly vulnerable because they have highly efficient respiratory systems designed for flight, which make them more susceptible to airborne toxins. Fine particulate matter can lodge in their respiratory tracts, impairing lung function and making them more prone to infections. Similarly, mammals such as cattle, sheep, and pets exposed to polluted air may show symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and decreased stamina, which can affect their ability to forage, hunt, or escape predators. In addition to respiratory problems, air pollution can significantly impact the cardiovascular system of animals. Pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter can enter the bloodstream, causing inflammation and oxidative stress that damage the heart and blood vessels. Studies have shown that long-term exposure to polluted air can lead to heart disease in domestic animals, reducing their lifespan and overall fitness. In wildlife populations, this translates to weaker individuals who may be less capable of surviving environmental