Each of the following activities helps to foster an area or more than one area of development.
State the areas of development that these activities foster and explain the reason for your answer:
j) Role play
ü) Making items with wooden blocks of different sizes
üi) Singing rhymes with actions
iv) Playing outdoor learn games
j) Role play
Ans: The overall aim of role playing assignments is for students to get involved in a much more direct and practical way than is the case with classic face-to-face teaching. Splitting the word into its two components we can also get a good impression about the functioning of this technique. It provides the students with personas or characters which they can use to portray a role in a fictitious setting akin to theater. It offers the chance to play these characters in a relaxed and risk-free environment, to test one’s own skill and knowledge without any risks involved and additionally - as with any game we play - to have fun in the process. In a role play participants will either portray someone else or they will play themselves in a specific situation. Many critics have recommended that training by doing is the best way of learning for most students and topics. Reading or listening to someone lecturing is inferior to getting involved, to experiment and to take an active part in the scenario, and this is what role playing is all about.
There are three distinctive stages in a role play session: (1) the briefing, (2) the play and (3) the debriefing.
In the briefing phase, the facilitator sets the stage. He describes the scenario and the roles available. The briefing phase is also the “warm-up” phase for all participants; it is a time used to introduce everyone involved, to explain the specifics of the role playing technique and to clearly state the aim of the exercise.
The facilitator will explain the scenario; the degree of detail necessary strongly depends on the topic. In the intercultural context it is advisable to keep the scenario rather open and to allow for free interpretation wherever possible, as cultural differences will only show up if the participants have the feeling that they are allowed to interpret the story and the characters in their own way. One good option to prevent the scenario itself from being culturally biased is asking the prospective participants for their input, especially if they like the scenario and feel comfortable taking roles in it. Also, the scenario should be somewhat flexible allowing for minor changes in the setup and adaptations according to wishes of the players involved.
Role description should include all information which the player will need to act ‘in character’ inside the scenario described beforehand but – especially if the aim of the exercise is to raise cultural awareness or train interaction processes – should leave some room for personal interpretations and ideas of the “actor”. Role descriptions which are too complex force the actors to keep too many details in mind and thus limit their flexibility and creativity. Role definitions are often defined and printed in two variants: one variant which is only known by the actor and the facilitator and one which is handed to everyone else. This is useful to simulate the fact that in reality we often meet and must cooperate with strangers of whom we know next to nothing.
After the scenario is described and the roles are distributed, the participants should be allowed some time for asking questions and chat with each other concerning the scenario and the roles. Often the participants start to develop an interest for a specific role or culture during this phase. There are many different approaches in how to assign roles, especially in multicultural scenarios. It is much easier to portray a character of the home-culture than a foreigner, especially if the culture that should be played is unknown to the player. It can be very difficult to take on such a role, but by assigning such an unknown culture to a player you force him/her to rely on prejudices and stereotypes to portray the role, which could also be of great value. If it is the first role playing experience for most participants involved, the facilitators should allow for very free definitions of roles and see that everyone is content with or even may pick the role he or she gets. Role playing can be quite stressful to some participants, especially if they are not used to it, so good care should be taken that everyone, not only but especially beginners, feels comfortable. Players should be encouraged to really “play”, to take nothing too seriously and also to overact their characters to make points very clear.
At the end of the briefing phase, as an optional step, the actors are given some time to discuss a general outline of their play, to define some do’s and don’ts and to establish a basic idea of how their characters will react to each other. Allowing for a few minutes before the play starts might help to overcome the usual problems of the starting phase of the role play itself.
Steps of a briefing phase:
- Present the scenario
- Present the roles
- Familiarization phase
- Assign roles
- Storyboarding (optional)
In the play phase itself the setting should again be made clear to everyone involved (players and observers), preferably through a short introduction performed by the facilitator. The stage should be prepared accordingly to enable the players to simulate the situation with as little effort as possible. This includes seating arrangements, preparation of props that might be used and any technical support that might be necessary.
The characters are then either introduced by the facilitator or in game by the players themselves. The players then act their characters according to their role descriptions. It is the facilitator’s responsibility to coordinate the play and to keep the play moving forward by providing inputs and adding comments, especially if the story is starting to turn in circles, or if the play is not evolving in an interesting direction. If everything goes well he/she can withdraw from the action, assuming the position of an observer and only intervening if necessary. He/she should encourage all participants to actively play their roles, especially if some players are just listening and watching while only one or two are actively immersed in the story. The facilitator also provides a conclusion him/herself should the story not come to a natural end. The conclusion of the play phase can be the solution of the problem, the end of the story (out of players’ actions) or just some final words by the facilitator.
Steps of a play phase:
- Prepare the stage and the props
- Present the scenario
- Introduce the characters
- Play
- Conclusion
In the debriefing phase everyone involved, the players, any observers and the facilitator should be given the opportunity to present their experiences in the role playing situation to the plenum. The debriefing is moderated by the facilitator who is responsible for drawing out the key-points in each presentation and leading the discussion process. Only when everyone involved has had the opportunity to present his/her own perceptions, describe how he/she felt and has received feedback, should the session be closed. The debriefing phase is very important and should never be omitted. In some play sessions strong emotions like anger, dismay and disagreement come up, especially if the players take their roles too seriously or have identified very strongly with their character. The debriefing phase is very important to discuss the situation and prevent the players from taking possible animosities which evolved in the play-session out into their real life.
Steps of a debriefing phase:
- Presentations of the participants
- Providing feedback to the participants
- Discussion of the findings
Case studies: “Case studies are stories that are used as a teaching tool to show the application of a theory or concept to real situations. Dependent on the goal they are meant to fulfill, cases can be fact-driven and deductive where there is a correct answer, or they can be context driven where multiple solutions are possible. Various disciplines have employed case studies, including humanities, social sciences, sciences, engineering, law, business, and medicine. Good cases generally have the following features: they tell a good story, are recent,
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