Australia’s political landscape is primarily dominated by two major parties: the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the Liberal-National Coalition, though smaller parties and independents also play significant roles, particularly in the Senate. The ALP, founded in the 1890s, represents a centre-left ideology, traditionally aligned with trade unions, advocating for social welfare, workers’ rights, and progressive social policies. Its historical roots lie in the labour movement, and over time, it has evolved into a party that balances economic pragmatism with social justice initiatives. On the other hand, the Liberal Party of Australia, established in 1944 by Robert Menzies, is a centre-right party focusing on economic liberalism, individual enterprise, and a market-oriented economy. The Liberal Party often forms a coalition with the National Party, which primarily represents rural and regional constituencies. This coalition, known simply as the Coalition, seeks to consolidate conservative and agrarian interests and maintain influence over both urban and regional electorates. Smaller parties such as the Australian Greens, which champion environmental sustainability, and independents, often hold the balance of power in the Senate or in closely contested House of Representatives seats. These parties can significantly influence legislative outcomes, particularly when the major parties lack a clear majority. The Australian Greens, for instance, have become pivotal in driving debates on climate change, renewable energy, and social equity. Independents often emerge from local issues or