The primitive societies have passed through several stages of economic development everywhere in the world. Thus one finds the stages of food gathering, hunting and fishing, farming, etc. among the Indian tribes.

The tribes living in the forests and hills usually earn their livelihood by means of food gathering, hunting and fishing. Such is the life of Kadar of Kerala, Birhor and Kharia of Bihar and other tribes. The tribes living in dense forests, full of wild beasts, live on hunting. Such are the tribes of Naga, Kuki, Bhil, Santhal and Gond.

The hunters leave the females to carry out household activities in the morning and return in the evening after hunting. In some tribes there is a usual custom of hunting collectively. The Nagas use spears and arrows and bows. The Bhils are very much specialized in shutting by arrow.

The tribes living near rivers and seas usually earn their livelihood by catching fish. The hilly tribes rear the cattle, an example of which are Goojars and the tribes of Chamba. The Todas of Nilgiri rear buffaloes. Some tribes also carry out cultivation, but they are generally shifting from one place to another.

Among the cultivating tribes are the Santhals and Gonds. Cottage industries, such as weaving cloths, preparing ropes and skins and utensils of different metals are prevalent in many tribes. The Kharia people are very much specialized to cottage industries.

Classification of Economic Organization

The Indian tribes can be divided into the following classes in the economic organization:

1. Hunting and food gathering tribes include Kadar, Chenchu, Kharia and Korawa etc.

2. Cattle rearing tribes such as the Todas and Bhils.

3. Cultivating tribes such as Kumar, Vega and Birhor.

4. Industrial tribes such as Kharia and Nagas.

General characteristics

The tribal economic organization is mainly concerned with producing such things asarenecessary for their daily needs and consuming them. These activities are very much