The Khilafat movement and the Non-Cooperation movement converged under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership in the early 1920s, representing a unique period in India’s struggle for independence. Both movements emerged from distinct socio-political contexts, yet Gandhi recognized the opportunity to unify them for the broader aim of challenging British colonial rule while mobilizing the Indian masses on a mass scale. The Khilafat movement had its roots in the aftermath of World War I, when the Ottoman Empire faced dismemberment under the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. Indian Muslims, who had cultural and religious ties to the Ottoman Caliphate, were deeply concerned about the fate of the Caliph, who was considered the spiritual head of the Muslim world. Prominent leaders like Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali initiated the Khilafat agitation to protest against the British support for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire and to preserve the authority of the Caliph. The movement reflected widespread Muslim discontent and presented a political opportunity for Gandhi, who was seeking ways to bring diverse sections of Indian society into the nationalist struggle. Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation movement, launched in 1920, aimed at challenging British authority through non-violent means while fostering national self-respect and political consciousness among Indians. It sought to boycott British institutions, educational systems, courts, titles, and goods while promoting indigenous alternatives such as swadeshi products. Gandhi understood that the