Medieval Western Philosophy, spanning roughly from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, was primarily concerned with harmonizing classical philosophy, particularly that of Plato and Aristotle, with the doctrines of Christianity. A central philosophical issue during this period was the relationship between faith and reason. Thinkers debated whether human reason alone could arrive at truth or whether divine revelation was necessary. Augustine of Hippo emphasized that while reason could illuminate certain aspects of truth, ultimate knowledge of God required faith, thus laying the groundwork for a theological approach that dominated medieval thought. Thomas Aquinas, in contrast, argued for a synthesis of faith and reason, claiming that reason could demonstrate many truths about God and the natural world, while revelation provided truths inaccessible to reason alone. Another significant issue was the nature of universals, a debate often framed as the problem of universals. Philosophers asked whether general concepts such as “humanity” or “goodness” had real existence independent of individual things, or whether they were merely names assigned to groups of particulars. Realists