Masculinity and femininity are concepts used to describe qualities, behaviours, roles and expectations that societies have traditionally associated with males and females. In the context of adolescence, understanding these concepts is important because young people develop their identities while being influenced by family, peers, school, media and culture. Masculinity generally refers to characteristics socially associated with boys and men, while femininity refers to characteristics traditionally associated with girls and women. These characteristics are largely shaped by social and cultural expectations rather than being completely determined by biological sex. Masculinity is commonly associated with qualities such as physical strength, independence, assertiveness, competitiveness, courage, leadership and emotional control. Adolescent boys may be encouraged by society to become self-reliant, confident and capable of taking responsibility. They may also receive messages that they should avoid showing fear, sadness or vulnerability. Traditional masculinity may therefore place importance on achievement, toughness and dominance. However, healthy masculinity can also include qualities such as empathy, cooperation, emotional expression, respect for others and responsibility. Femininity traditionally refers to qualities