Functional vision refers to the practical use of available vision by an individual to perform everyday tasks in real-life situations. It emphasizes how a child with visual impairment uses whatever vision they have, rather than focusing solely on clinical measures such as visual acuity or visual field. Functional vision is concerned with the effectiveness, efficiency, and adaptability of visual behavior in natural environments like home, school, and community settings. For children with visual impairment, especially in early childhood, functional vision includes how they recognize people and objects, respond to light and color, track moving items, coordinate vision with movement, and integrate visual information with other sensory inputs. It is dynamic and influenced by factors such as lighting, contrast, familiarity of objects, motivation, fatigue, and emotional state. Understanding functional vision is essential for planning early intervention and educational programs, as it helps professionals and caregivers build on the child’s visual strengths while addressing limitations. Assessing visual functioning requires careful planning and adherence to specific guidelines to ensure that the assessment is accurate, meaningful, and child-centered. One important guideline is that assessment should be conducted in natural and familiar environments. Children, particularly young children, demonstrate their best functional vision when they are comfortable and engaged in familiar routines. Observing the child at home, in early learning settings, or during play allows the assessor to see how vision is used spontaneously rather than in an artificial testing situation. Familiar environments reduce anxiety and encourage natural visual responses, making the assessment more valid. Another key guideline is the use of developmentally appropriate and motivating activities. Activities selected for assessment should match the child’s age, developmental level, and interests. Toys, objects, and materials should be meaningful to the child, as motivation plays a crucial role in eliciting visual responses. For example, a child may visually attend more effectively to a favorite toy than to a standardized testing object. Using play-based activities helps in assessing visual attention, fixation, tracking, and visual-motor coordination in a non-threatening manner. Lighting conditions