Neurulation in frogs is a critical early embryonic process that leads to the formation of the nervous system, particularly the brain and spinal cord, from the dorsal ectoderm. This process occurs after gastrulation and involves a series of well-coordinated morphogenetic movements that transform a flat sheet of ectodermal cells into a tubular structure known as the neural tube. The process begins with the formation of the neural plate, which is a thickened region of dorsal ectoderm situated above the notochord, a rod-like mesodermal structure that serves as a primary axial support. The induction of the neural plate is regulated by signaling molecules secreted from the underlying notochord and the dorsal mesoderm, including factors like noggin and chordin, which inhibit BMP signaling and promote neural fate in ectodermal cells. The cells of the neural plate elongate and become columnar, showing a polarized structure that is critical for subsequent bending movements. Following the formation of the neural plate, the edges of the plate begin to elevate, creating the neural