IGNOU BBCS 185 2026 - Describe the principles of pairwise and multiple sequence alignment an

Question

Describe the principles of pairwise and multiple sequence alignment and differentiate between global and local alignment.

10 Feb 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 505

Sequence alignment is a fundamental concept in bioinformatics that helps in comparing biological sequences such as DNA, RNA, or proteins to identify regions of similarity, which may indicate functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships. The process relies on arranging sequences to maximize their level of similarity, either through pairwise alignment, which involves two sequences, or multiple sequence alignment, which involves three or more sequences. The main principle of pairwise sequence alignment is to compare two sequences by inserting gaps to optimize the number of matches and minimize mismatches. This is achieved using scoring systems that assign positive scores for matches, negative scores for mismatches, and penalties for gaps. Algorithms such as the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm are used for

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