Question
Describe the body response to surgical trauma.
Answer :
Word Count : 252
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Surgical trauma produces a complex physiological stress response involving neuroendocrine, metabolic, hematological, and immunological changes aimed at maintaining homeostasis. The response begins with tissue injury, which activates nociceptors and stimulates the hypothalamus through afferent nerve pathways. This leads to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the release of catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. As a result, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and cardiac output increase to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to vital organs. Simultaneously, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is stimulated, causing
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