Question
Describe in brief structure and anatomy of crustose or foliose lichens.
Answer :
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Lichens are symbiotic associations between a mycobiont (fungus) and a photobiont (alga or cyanobacterium). Crustose and foliose lichens represent two common morphological types, differing in their thallus structure and attachment to substrates. Crustose lichens have a thin, crust-like thallus that is tightly adhered to the substrate, such as rocks, bark, or soil. They lack a lower cortex, and their upper surface is often flat and smooth or slightly cracked. The thallus is usually only a few cells thick and consists of an upper cortex, an algal layer, and a medulla. The
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