Question
Describe important physico-chemical properties of the carbohydrates. Give the structure and nutritional importance of dietary fiber.
Answer :
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General properties of carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates act as energy reserves, also stores fuels, and metabolic intermediates.
- Ribose and deoxyribose sugars forms the structural frame of the genetic material, RNA and DNA.
- Polysaccharides like cellulose are the structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants.
- Carbohydrates are linked to proteins and lipids that play important roles in cell interactions.
- Carbohydrates are organic compounds, they are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups.
Physical Properties of Carbohydrates
- Steroisomerism - Compound shaving same structural formula but they differ in spatial configuration. Example: Glucose has two isomers with respect to penultimate carbon atom. They are D-glucose and L-glucose.
- Optical Activity - It is the rotation of plane polarized light forming (+) glucose and (-) glucose.
- Diastereo isomeers - It the configurational changes with regard to C2, C3, or C4 in glucose. Example: Mannose, galactose.
- Annomerism - It is the spatial configuration with respect to the first carbon atom in aldoses and second carbon atom in ketoses.
Chemical Properties of Carbohydrates
- Ozazone formation with phenylhydrazine.
- Benedicts test.
- Oxidation
- Reduction to alcohols
- Dietary fiber can also be classified by its ingredient components. These are wide ranging but very well defined classes of chemical entities.
- β-Glucan
- Polymers of glucose containing various bond types between individual glucose units including β-1,4, β-1,3 and β-1,6.
- β-Glucan obtained from barley, oats and yeast is available from Megazyme. High, medium and low viscosity grades are available and these are indicative of the molecular weight range in each product.
- Galactomannan
- Polymers of β-1,4 linked mannose units with varying degrees of α-1,6 galactosyl substitution. The ratio of galactose to mannose determines the polysaccharide identity.
- Galactomannan obtained from carob, guar and konjac is available from Megazyme. High, medium and low viscosity grades are available and these are indicative of the molecular weight range in each product.
- Arabinoxylan
- Polymers consisting of a β-1,4 linked xylose backbone with the xylose monomers bearing a mixture of either 2, or 3, or
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