One of the modern methods for the improvement of crop plants is Genetic Engineering. Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology to introduce new traits or enhance existing ones. In crop plants, this method allows for the introduction of genes that confer resistance to pests, diseases, or environmental stresses, or improve nutritional quality. For example, Bt cotton was developed by incorporating a gene from the bacterium *Bacillus thuringiensis*, which produces a protein toxic to certain insect pests, thereby reducing the need for chemical insecticides. Genetic engineering also enables the development of crops with improved tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures by transferring specific genes responsible for stress resistance. Marker-assisted selection is often combined with genetic engineering to precisely track the presence of desired genes,